UPSC CSE 2025 Important Dates

UPSC CSE Examination Stages

The UPSC Civil Services Examination consists of three stages: Paper is an important topic in this article.

1. Preliminary Examination (Objective Type – MCQs)
2. Main Examination (Written – Descriptive Type)
3. Personality Test (Interview)

UPSC CSE Prelims Syllabus 2025

The Preliminary Examination consists of two papers of objective type (multiple choice questions) carrying a maximum of 400 marks.

Paper I – General Studies (200 marks, 2 hours)

• Current Events of National and International Importance
• History of India and Indian National Movement
• Indian and World Geography – Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World
• Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
• Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
• General Issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization
• General Science

Paper II – CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test) (200 marks, 2 hours)

• Comprehension
• Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills
• Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability
• Decision Making and Problem Solving
• General Mental Ability
• Basic Numeracy (Numbers and their Relations, Orders of Magnitude, etc.) (Class X level)
• Data Interpretation (Charts, Graphs, Tables, Data Sufficiency etc. – Class X level)
• English Language Comprehension Skills (Class X level)

Note: Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination is of qualifying nature with a minimum qualifying mark of 33%. The scores of Paper-II will not be counted for determining the merit list.

UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus 2025

The Main Examination consists of nine papers, including two qualifying papers. The written examination consists of the following papers:

Qualifying Papers (300 marks each)

• Paper A – Indian Language (one of the Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution)
• Paper B – English

Papers to be counted for merit (250 marks each)

• Paper I – Essay
• Paper II – General Studies I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History, and Geography of the World and Society)
• Paper III – General Studies II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)
• Paper IV – General Studies III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)
• Paper V – General Studies IV (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude)
• Paper VI – Optional Subject – Paper 1
• Paper VII – Optional Subject – Paper 2

Detailed Syllabus for Mains Examination

Paper I – Essay (250 marks)

Candidates will be required to write essays on multiple topics. They may be asked to write essays on abstract topics, current national and international issues, and topics related to social, cultural, political, and economic aspects.

Paper II – General Studies I (250 marks)

• Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.
• Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
• Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present – significant events, personalities, issues.
• The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
• Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
• History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc. – their forms and effect on the society.
• Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
• Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
• Effects of globalization on Indian society.
• Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
• Salient features of world’s physical geography.
• Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location – changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Paper III – General Studies II (250 marks)

• Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations
• Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
• Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
• Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
• Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
• Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
• Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary – Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
• Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
• Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
• Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
• Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
• Development processes and the development industry – the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
• Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
• Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
• Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
• Role of civil services in a democracy.
• India and its neighborhood- relations.
• Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
• Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
• Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate.

Paper IV – General Studies III (250 marks)

• Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management
• Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
• Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
• Government Budgeting.
• Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
• Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
• Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
• Land reforms in India.
• Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
• Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
• Investment models.
• Science and Technology – developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
• Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
• Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
• Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
• Disaster and disaster management.
• Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
• Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
• Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention.
• Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
• Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

Paper V – General Studies IV (250 marks)

• Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude
• Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
• Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
• Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections.
• Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
• Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
• Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.
• Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
• Case Studies on above issues.

Paper VI & VII – Optional Subject (250 marks each)

Candidates have to choose one optional subject from the list of subjects provided by UPSC. The optional subject consists of two papers (Paper I and Paper II) of 250 marks each.

List of Optional Subjects for UPSC CSE Mains:

• Agriculture
• Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
• Anthropology
• Botany
• Chemistry
• Civil Engineering
• Commerce and Accountancy
• Economics
• Electrical Engineering
• Geography
• Geology
• History
• Law
• Management
• Mathematics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Medical Science
• Philosophy
• Physics
• Political Science and International Relations
• Psychology
• Public Administration
• Sociology
• Statistics
• Zoology
• Literature of any one of the following languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, English.

UPSC CSE Interview/Personality Test Syllabus 2025

The candidate will be interviewed by a Board who will have before them a record of his/her career. The interview is intended to judge the mental caliber of a candidate. The interview is not intended to be a test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the candidates which has been already tested through their written papers.

The candidates will be expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events which are happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well-educated youth.

The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural, though directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.

The interview test is intended to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a Board of competent and unbiased observers who will have before them a record of his/her career.

The test is intended to judge the mental caliber of a candidate. In broad terms, this is really an assessment of not only his/her intellectual qualities but also social traits and his/her interest in current affairs.

Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgment, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, intellectual and moral integrity.

UPSC CSE Exam Pattern 2025

Preliminary Examination

Main Examination

Interview/Personality Test

Total Marks

Preparation Strategy for UPSC CSE 2025

Prelims Preparation Strategy

1. Understand the syllabus: The first step is to thoroughly understand the syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.
2. Standard books: Read standard books for each subject area, such as Indian Polity by M Laxmikanth, Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh, etc.
3. Current affairs: Stay updated with current affairs by reading newspapers and magazines regularly.
4. Previous year question papers: Solve previous year question papers to understand the pattern and type of questions asked.
5. Mock tests: Take regular mock tests to improve your speed and accuracy.
6. Revision: Revise regularly to retain the information.

Mains Preparation Strategy

1. Answer writing practice: Practice writing answers regularly, focusing on structure, content, and presentation.
2. Current affairs integration: Integrate current affairs into your answers to make them more relevant and up-to-date.
3. Optional subject: Choose your optional subject wisely, based on your interest and background.
4. Ethics case studies: Practice solving ethics case studies for Paper V.
5. Time management: Improve your time management skills to complete all questions within the given time.
6. Regular revision: Revise regularly to retain the information and concepts.

Interview Preparation Strategy

1. Know yourself: Be thorough with your academic background, hobbies, interests, and achievements.
2. Current affairs awareness: Stay updated with national and international events.
3. Mock interviews: Practice mock interviews to improve your confidence and communication skills.
4. Stay true to yourself: Be honest and authentic during the interview.
5. Body language: Work on your body language, eye contact, and overall demeanor.

FAQs about UPSC CSE Syllabus 2025